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Beginner's Guide
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| Starting, Stopping, and Reloading Configuration Configuration File's Structure Serving Static Content Setting Up a Simple Proxy Server Setting Up FastCGI Proxying |
This guide gives a basic introduction to nginx and describes somesimple tasks that can be done with it.It is supposed that nginx is already installed on the reader's machine.If it is not, see the Installing nginx page.This guide describes how to start and stop nginx, and reload itsconfiguration, explains the structureof the configuration file and describes how to set up nginxto serve out static content, how to configure nginx as a proxyserver, and how to connect it with a FastCGI application.
nginx has one master process and several worker processes.The main purpose of the master process is to read and evaluate configuration,and maintain worker processes.Worker processes do actual processing of requests.nginx employs event-based model and OS-dependent mechanisms to efficientlydistribute requests among worker processes.The number of worker processes is defined in the configuration file andmay be fixed for a given configuration or automatically adjusted to thenumber of available CPU cores (seeworker_processes).
The way nginx and its modules work is determined in the configuration file.By default, the configuration file is named nginx.confand placed in the directory/usr/local/nginx/conf,/etc/nginx, or/usr/local/etc/nginx.
Starting, Stopping, and Reloading Configuration
To start nginx, run the executable file.Once nginx is started, it can be controlled by invoking the executablewith the -s parameter.Use the following syntax:
Where signal may be one of the following:
stop— fast shutdownquit— graceful shutdownreload— reloading the configuration filereopen— reopening the log files
For example, to stop nginx processes with waiting for the worker processesto finish serving current requests, the following command can be executed:
This command should be executed under the same user thatstarted nginx.
Changes made in the configuration filewill not be applied until the command to reload configuration issent to nginx or it is restarted.To reload configuration, execute:
Once the master process receives the signal to reload configuration,it checks the syntax validityof the new configuration file and tries to apply the configuration providedin it.If this is a success, the master process starts new worker processesand sends messages to old worker processes, requesting them toshut down.Otherwise, the master process rolls back the changes andcontinues to work with the old configuration.Old worker processes, receiving a command to shut down,stop accepting new connections and continue to service current requests untilall such requests are serviced.After that, the old worker processes exit.
A signal may also be sent to nginx processes with the help of Unix toolssuch as the kill utility.In this case a signal is sent directly to a process with a given process ID.The process ID of the nginx master process is written, by default, to thenginx.pid in the directory/usr/local/nginx/logs or/var/run.For example, if the master process ID is 1628, to send the QUIT signalresulting in nginx's graceful shutdown, execute:
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For getting the list of all running nginx processes, the psutility may be used, for example, in the following way:
For more information on sending signals to nginx, seeControlling nginx.
Configuration File's Structure
nginx consists of modules which are controlled by directives specifiedin the configuration file.Directives are divided into simple directives and block directives.A simple directive consists of the name and parameters separated by spacesand ends with a semicolon (;).A block directive has the same structure as a simple directive, butinstead of the semicolon it ends with a set of additional instructionssurrounded by braces ({ and }).If a block directive can have other directives inside braces,it is called a context (examples:events,http,server,andlocation).
Directives placed in the configuration file outsideof any contexts are considered to be in themain context.The events and http directivesreside in the main context, serverin http, and location inserver.
The rest of a line after the # sign is considered a comment.
Serving Static Content
An important web server task is serving outfiles (such as images or static HTML pages).You will implement an example where, depending on the request,files will be served from different local directories: /data/www(which may contain HTML files) and /data/images(containing images).This will require editing of the configuration file and setting up of aserverblock inside the httpblock with two locationblocks.
First, create the /data/www directory and put anindex.html file with any text content into it andcreate the /data/images directory and place someimages in it.
Next, open the configuration file.The default configuration file already includes several examples ofthe server block, mostly commented out.For now comment out all such blocks and start a newserver block:
Generally, the configuration file may include severalserver blocksdistinguished by ports on whichthey listen toand byserver names.Once nginx decides which server processes a request,it tests the URI specified in the request's header against the parameters of thelocation directives defined inside theserver block.
Add the following location block to theserver block:
This location block specifies the'/' prefix compared with the URI from the request.For matching requests, the URI will be added to the path specified in therootdirective, that is, to /data/www,to form the path to the requested file on the local file system.If there are several matching location blocks nginxselects the one with the longest prefix.The location block above provides the shortestprefix, of length one,and so only if all other locationblocks fail to provide a match, this block will be used.
Next, add the second location block:
It will be a match for requests starting with /images/(location / also matches such requests,but has shorter prefix).
The resulting configuration of the server block shouldlook like this:
This is already a working configuration of a server that listenson the standard port 80 and is accessible on the local machine athttp://localhost/.In response to requests with URIs starting with /images/,the server will send files from the /data/images directory.For example, in response to thehttp://localhost/images/example.png request nginx willsend the /data/images/example.png file.If such file does not exist, nginx will send a responseindicating the 404 error.Requests with URIs not starting with /images/ will bemapped onto the /data/www directory.For example, in response to thehttp://localhost/some/example.html request nginx willsend the /data/www/some/example.html file.
To apply the new configuration, start nginx if it is not yet started orsend the reload signal to the nginx's master process,by executing:
The Beginners Guide Ending
In case something does not work as expected, you may try to find outthe reason inaccess.loganderror.logfiles in the directory/usr/local/nginx/logsor/var/log/nginx.
Setting Up a Simple Proxy Server
One of the frequent uses of nginx is setting it up as a proxy server, whichmeans a server that receives requests, passes them to the proxied servers,retrieves responses from them, and sends them to the clients.
We will configure a basic proxy server, which serves requests ofimages with files from the local directory and sends all other requests to aproxied server.In this example, both servers will be defined on a single nginx instance.
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First, define the proxied server by adding one more serverblock to the nginx's configuration file with the following contents:
This will be a simple server that listens on the port 8080(previously, the listen directive has not been specifiedsince the standard port 80 was used) and mapsall requests to the /data/up1 directory on the localfile system.Create this directory and put the index.html file into it.Note that the root directive is placed in theserver context.Such root directive is used when thelocation block selected for serving a request does notinclude own root directive.
Next, use the server configuration from the previous sectionand modify it to make it a proxy server configuration.In the first location block, put theproxy_passdirective with the protocol, name and port of the proxied server specifiedin the parameter (in our case, it is http://localhost:8080):
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We will modify the second locationblock, which currently maps requests with the /images/prefix to the files under the /data/images directory,to make it match the requests of images with typical file extensions.The modified location block looks like this:
The parameter is a regular expression matching all URIs endingwith .gif, .jpg, or .png.A regular expression should be preceded with ~.The corresponding requests will be mapped to the /data/imagesdirectory.
When nginx selects a location block to serve a requestit first checks locationdirectives that specify prefixes, remembering locationwith the longest prefix, and then checks regular expressions.If there is a match with a regular expression, nginx picks thislocation or, otherwise, it picks the one remembered earlier.
The resulting configuration of a proxy server will look like this:
This server will filter requests ending with .gif,.jpg, or .pngand map them to the /data/images directory (by adding URI to theroot directive's parameter) and pass all other requeststo the proxied server configured above.
To apply new configuration, send the reload signal tonginx as described in the previous sections.
There are many moredirectives that may be used to further configure a proxy connection.
Setting Up FastCGI Proxying
First, create the /data/www directory and put anindex.html file with any text content into it andcreate the /data/images directory and place someimages in it.
Next, open the configuration file.The default configuration file already includes several examples ofthe server block, mostly commented out.For now comment out all such blocks and start a newserver block:
Generally, the configuration file may include severalserver blocksdistinguished by ports on whichthey listen toand byserver names.Once nginx decides which server processes a request,it tests the URI specified in the request's header against the parameters of thelocation directives defined inside theserver block.
Add the following location block to theserver block:
This location block specifies the'/' prefix compared with the URI from the request.For matching requests, the URI will be added to the path specified in therootdirective, that is, to /data/www,to form the path to the requested file on the local file system.If there are several matching location blocks nginxselects the one with the longest prefix.The location block above provides the shortestprefix, of length one,and so only if all other locationblocks fail to provide a match, this block will be used.
Next, add the second location block:
It will be a match for requests starting with /images/(location / also matches such requests,but has shorter prefix).
The resulting configuration of the server block shouldlook like this:
This is already a working configuration of a server that listenson the standard port 80 and is accessible on the local machine athttp://localhost/.In response to requests with URIs starting with /images/,the server will send files from the /data/images directory.For example, in response to thehttp://localhost/images/example.png request nginx willsend the /data/images/example.png file.If such file does not exist, nginx will send a responseindicating the 404 error.Requests with URIs not starting with /images/ will bemapped onto the /data/www directory.For example, in response to thehttp://localhost/some/example.html request nginx willsend the /data/www/some/example.html file.
To apply the new configuration, start nginx if it is not yet started orsend the reload signal to the nginx's master process,by executing:
The Beginners Guide Ending
In case something does not work as expected, you may try to find outthe reason inaccess.loganderror.logfiles in the directory/usr/local/nginx/logsor/var/log/nginx.
Setting Up a Simple Proxy Server
One of the frequent uses of nginx is setting it up as a proxy server, whichmeans a server that receives requests, passes them to the proxied servers,retrieves responses from them, and sends them to the clients.
We will configure a basic proxy server, which serves requests ofimages with files from the local directory and sends all other requests to aproxied server.In this example, both servers will be defined on a single nginx instance.
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First, define the proxied server by adding one more serverblock to the nginx's configuration file with the following contents:
This will be a simple server that listens on the port 8080(previously, the listen directive has not been specifiedsince the standard port 80 was used) and mapsall requests to the /data/up1 directory on the localfile system.Create this directory and put the index.html file into it.Note that the root directive is placed in theserver context.Such root directive is used when thelocation block selected for serving a request does notinclude own root directive.
Next, use the server configuration from the previous sectionand modify it to make it a proxy server configuration.In the first location block, put theproxy_passdirective with the protocol, name and port of the proxied server specifiedin the parameter (in our case, it is http://localhost:8080):
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We will modify the second locationblock, which currently maps requests with the /images/prefix to the files under the /data/images directory,to make it match the requests of images with typical file extensions.The modified location block looks like this:
The parameter is a regular expression matching all URIs endingwith .gif, .jpg, or .png.A regular expression should be preceded with ~.The corresponding requests will be mapped to the /data/imagesdirectory.
When nginx selects a location block to serve a requestit first checks locationdirectives that specify prefixes, remembering locationwith the longest prefix, and then checks regular expressions.If there is a match with a regular expression, nginx picks thislocation or, otherwise, it picks the one remembered earlier.
The resulting configuration of a proxy server will look like this:
This server will filter requests ending with .gif,.jpg, or .pngand map them to the /data/images directory (by adding URI to theroot directive's parameter) and pass all other requeststo the proxied server configured above.
To apply new configuration, send the reload signal tonginx as described in the previous sections.
There are many moredirectives that may be used to further configure a proxy connection.
Setting Up FastCGI Proxying
nginx can be used to route requests to FastCGI servers which runapplications built with various frameworks and programming languagessuch as PHP.
The most basic nginx configuration to work with a FastCGI serverincludes using thefastcgi_passdirective instead of the proxy_pass directive,and fastcgi_paramdirectives to set parameters passed to a FastCGI server.Suppose the FastCGI server is accessible on localhost:9000.Taking the proxy configuration from the previous section as a basis,replace the proxy_pass directive with thefastcgi_pass directive and change the parameter tolocalhost:9000.In PHP, the SCRIPT_FILENAME parameter is used fordetermining the script name, and the QUERY_STRINGparameter is used to pass request parameters.The resulting configuration would be:
This will set up a server that will route all requests except forrequests for static images to the proxied server operating onlocalhost:9000 through the FastCGI protocol.
